Define consequentialism.

• A. An ethical theory that emphasizes rules over outcomes
• B. An ethical theory that judges actions based on their consequences
• C. An approach that values character traits over actions
• D. A doctrine that incorporates cultural norms into ethics

Answer: (B)

Consequentialism is defined as an ethical theory that judges actions based on their consequences. This framework posits that the moral value of an action is determined by the outcomes it produces; the rightness or wrongness of an action is assessed by the results it leads to. In this view, actions that result in the most favorable outcomes for the greatest number of people are considered morally acceptable.

For instance, if a particular action leads to an overall increase in happiness or well-being, then that action is deemed ethical, regardless of the action's nature or the intentions behind it. This means that the focus is placed on the end results rather than following strict rules or adhering to specific moral character traits. In contrast to approaches that prioritize rules, character, or cultural norms, consequentialism emphasizes the results of actions, which fundamentally defines this ethical viewpoint.