How does Kantian ethics define a moral action?

• A. As one based on personal feelings and preferences
• B. As one performed out of a sense of duty
• C. As one that maximizes overall happiness
• D. As one that follows societal norms

Answer: (B)

Kantian ethics, developed by philosopher Immanuel Kant, revolves around the concept of duty and the moral law. According to this ethical framework, a moral action is defined as one that is performed out of a sense of duty, guided by reason and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative is a key principle that dictates that one should act only according to that maxim which one can will to become a universal law. This means that actions must be taken based on what one believes everyone should do, rather than personal feelings, consequences, or societal norms.

In this view, morality is not based on emotional responses or individual preferences, which are subjective and can vary from person to person. Instead, it focuses on the intention behind the action and adhering to a duty that respects the rational nature of human beings. Thus, a moral action, in Kantian terms, is one done from a sense of duty to uphold moral law, not one that seeks to maximize happiness or follow social customs. This commitment to duty and universalizable principles underscores why the definition rooted in duty is the important aspect of moral action in Kantian ethics.