Which ethical theory emphasizes rules over outcomes?

• A. Utilitarianism
• B. Virtue ethics
• C. Consequentialism
• D. Deontological ethics

Answer: (D)

Deontological ethics is the correct answer because it focuses on the adherence to rules, duties, and obligations rather than the consequences of actions. This ethical framework posits that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the outcomes they produce. The theory is associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant, who argued that moral principles should guide behavior based on universal laws that apply to all rational beings.

In contrast, utilitarianism centers on the idea that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being, thus prioritizing outcomes. Similarly, consequentialism also evaluates the morality of actions based on their results, connecting the ethics of a decision closely to its effects. Virtue ethics, while emphasizing character traits and virtues that contribute to a good life, does not strictly focus on rules but rather on the individual's moral character and intentions.

Ultimately, deontological ethics stands out because it prioritizes the adherence to established moral norms and duties over the variable nature of outcomes, leading to a distinctive approach in ethical evaluation.