Which ethical theory focuses on duties rather than consequences?

• A. Utilitarianism
• B. Virtue ethics
• C. Deontological ethics
• D. Consequentialism

Answer: (C)

The correct answer centers on deontological ethics, which fundamentally emphasizes the importance of duties and rules in moral reasoning. This ethical framework asserts that actions are morally right or wrong based on adherence to a set of rules, principles, or obligations, rather than the outcomes or consequences those actions may produce.

Deontological ethics is associated with philosophers like Immanuel Kant, who argued that certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of the circumstances or consequences that follow. For instance, telling the truth is seen as a moral duty, even if it might lead to negative consequences for oneself or others; the moral obligation to be honest stands independently of the results of that honesty.

In contrast, other ethical theories like utilitarianism and consequentialism assess moral actions based on their outcomes, prioritizing the greatest good or the maximization of positive consequences. Similarly, virtue ethics focuses on the character and virtues of the moral agent rather than the rules or the consequences of specific actions. Thus, deontological ethics is distinct in its insistence that moral rules and duties govern ethical behavior, making it the focus of this question.